结题报告

1.       课题名称: 磁悬浮列车的基本工作原理

2.       班级:高二(20)

3.       负责人:陈挺

4.       课题组成员: 陈挺. 赵讲. 江健力. 谢青龙 .陈泓. 王强

5.       指导老师:林崇军

6.       课题研究涉及的主导学科:物理电磁学

7.       课题研究涉及的相关学科:化学. 历史

8.       中文摘要: 自1825年世界上第一条标准轨铁路出现以来，轮轨火车一直是人们出行的交通工具。然而，随着火车速度的提高，轮子和钢轨之间产生的猛烈冲击引起列车的强烈震动，发出很强的噪音，从而使乘客感到不舒服。由于列车行驶速度愈高，阻力就愈大。所以，当火车行驶速度超过每小时300公里时，就很难再提速了。

如 果能够使火车从铁轨上浮起来，消除了火车车轮与铁轨之间的摩擦，就能大幅度地提高火车的速度。但如何使火车从铁轨上浮起来呢？科学家想到了两种解决方法：一种是气浮法，即使火车向铁轨地面大量喷气而利用其反作用力把火车浮起；另一种是磁浮法，即利用两个同名磁极之间的磁斥力或两个异名磁极之间磁吸力使火车 从铁轨上浮起来。在陆地上使用气浮法不但会激扬起大量尘土，而且会产生很大的噪音，会对环境造成很大的污染，因而不宜采用。这就使磁悬浮火车成为研究和试验的的主要方法。

当今，世界上的磁悬浮列车主要有两种“悬浮”形 式，一种是推斥式；另一种为吸力式。推斥式是利用两个磁铁同极性相对而产生的排斥力，使列车悬浮起来。这种磁悬浮列车车厢的两侧，安装有磁场强大的超导电磁铁。车辆运行时，这种电磁铁的磁场切割轨道两侧安装的铝环，致使其中产生感应电流，同时产生一个同极性反磁场，并使车辆推离轨面在空中悬浮起来。但是， 静止时，由于没有切割电势与电流，车辆不能产生悬浮，只能像飞机一样用轮子支撑车体。当车辆在直线电机的驱动下前进，速度达到80公 里／小时以上时，车辆就悬浮起来了。吸力式是利用两个磁铁异性相吸的原理，将电磁铁置于轨道下方并固定在车体转向架上，两者之间产生一个强大的磁场，并相互吸引时，列车就能悬浮起来。这种吸力式磁悬浮列车无论是静止还是运动状态，都能保持稳定悬浮状态。这次，我国自行开发的中低速磁悬浮列车就属于这个类 型。

“若即若离”，是磁悬浮列车的基本工作状态。磁悬浮列车利用电磁力抵消地球引力，从而使列车悬浮在轨道上。在运行过程中，车体与轨道处于一种“若即若离”的状态，磁悬浮间隙约1厘米，因而有“零高度飞行器”的美誉。它与普通轮轨列车相比，具有低噪音、低能耗、无污染、安全舒适和高速高效的特点，被认为是一种具有广阔前景的新型交通工具。特别是这种中低速磁悬浮列车，由于具有转弯半径小、爬坡能力强等优点，特别适合城市轨道交通。

德国和日本是世界上最早开展磁悬浮列车研究的国家，德国开发的磁悬浮列车Transrapid于1989年在埃姆斯兰试验线上达到每小时436公里的速度。日本开发的磁悬浮列车MAGLEV (Magnetically Levitated Trains)于1997年12月在山梨县的试验线上创造出每小时550公里的世界最高纪录。德国和日本两国在经过长期反复的论证之后，均认为有可能于下个世纪中叶以前使磁悬浮列车在本国投入运营。

磁悬浮列车运行原理

磁悬浮列车是现代高科技发展的产物。其原理是利用电磁力抵消地球引力，通过直线电机进行牵引，使列车悬浮在轨道上运行（悬浮间隙约1厘米）。其研究和制造涉及自动控制、电力电子技术、直线推进技术、机械设计制造、故障监测与诊断等众多学科，技术十分复杂，是一个国家科技实力和工业水平的重要标志。它与普通轮轨列车相比，具有低噪音、无污染、安全舒适和高速高效的特点，有着“零高度飞行器”的美誉，是一种具有广阔前景的新型交通工具，特别适合城市轨道交通。磁悬浮列车按悬浮方式不同一般分为推斥型和吸力型两种，按运行速度又有高速和中低速之分，这次国防科大研制开发的磁悬浮列车属于中低速常导吸力型磁悬浮列车。

磁悬浮列车的种类

磁悬浮列车分为常导型和超导型两大类。常导型也称常导磁吸型，以德国高速常导磁浮列车transrapid为代表，它是利用普通直流电磁铁电磁吸力的原理将列车悬起，悬浮的气隙较小，一般为10毫米左右。常导型高速磁悬浮列车的速度可达每小时400～500公里，适合于城市间的长距离快速运输。而超导型磁悬浮列车也称超导磁斥型，以日本MAGLEV为代表。它是利用超导磁体产生的强磁场，列车运行时与布置在地面上的线圈相互作用，产生电动斥力将列车悬起，悬浮气隙较大，一般为100毫米左右，速度可达每小时500公里以上。这两种磁悬浮列车各有优缺点和不同的经济技术指标，德国青睐前者，集中精力研制常导高速磁悬浮技术;而日本则看好后者，全力投入高速超导磁悬浮技术之中。

德国的常导磁悬浮列车




常 导磁悬浮列车工作时，首先调整车辆下部的悬浮和导向电磁铁的电磁吸力，与地面轨道两侧的绕组发生磁铁反作用将列车浮起。在车辆下部的导向电磁铁与轨道磁铁的反作用下，使车轮与轨道保持一定的侧向距离，实现轮轨在水平方向和垂直方向的无接触支撑和无接触导向。车辆与行车轨道之间的悬浮间隙为10毫米，是通过一套高精度电子调整系统得以保证的。此外由于悬浮和导向实际上与列车运行速度无关，所以即使在停车状态下列车仍然可以进入悬浮状态。

常 导磁悬浮列车的驱动运用同步直线电动机的原理。车辆下部支撑电磁铁线圈的作用就象是同步直线电动机的励磁线圈，地面轨道内侧的三相移动磁场驱动绕组起到电枢的作用，它就象同步直线电动机的长定子绕组。从电动机的工作原理可以知道，当作为定子的电枢线圈有电时，由于电磁感应而推动电机的转子转动。同样，当沿 线布置的变电所向轨道内侧的驱动绕组提供三相调频调幅电力时，由于电磁感应作用承载系统连同列车一起就象电机的“转子”一样被推动做直线运动。从而在悬浮状态下，列车可以完全实现非接触的牵引和制动。

日本的超导磁悬浮列车
超导磁悬浮列车的最主要特征就是其超导元件在相当低的温度下所具有的完全导电性和完全抗磁性。超导磁铁是由超导材料制成的超导线圈构成，它不仅电流阻力为零，而且可以传导普通导线根本无法比拟的强大电流，这种特性使其能够制成体积小功率强大的电磁铁。

超 导磁悬浮列车的车辆上装有车载超导磁体并构成感应动力集成设备，而列车的驱动绕组和悬浮导向绕组均安装在地面导轨两侧，车辆上的感应动力集成设备由动力集成绕组、感应动力集成超导磁铁和悬浮导向超导磁铁三部分组成。当向轨道两侧的驱动绕组提供与车辆速度频率相一致的三相交流电时，就会产生一个移动的电磁 场，因而在列车导轨上产生磁波，这时列车上的车载超导磁体就会受到一个与移动磁场相同步的推力，正是这种推力推动列车前进。其原理就象冲浪运动一样，冲浪者是站在波浪的顶峰并由波浪推动他快速前进的。与冲浪者所面对的难题相同，超导磁悬浮列车要处理的也是如何才能准确地驾驭在移动电磁波的顶峰运动的问题。 为此，在地面导轨上安装有探测车辆位置的高精度仪器，根据探测仪传来的信息调整三相交流电的供流方式，精确地控制电磁波形以使列车能良好地运行。

超 导磁悬浮列车也是由沿线分布的变电所向地面导轨两侧的驱动绕组提供三相交流电，并与列车下面的动力集成绕组产生电感应而驱动，实现非接触性牵引和制动。但地面导轨两侧的悬浮导向绕组与外部动力电源无关，当列车接近该绕组时，列车超导磁铁的强电磁感应作用将自动地在地面绕组中感生电流，因此在其感应电流和超 导磁铁之间产生了电磁力，从而将列车悬起，并经精密传感器检测轨道与列车之间的间隙，使其始终保持100毫米的悬浮间隙。同时，与悬浮绕组呈电气连接的导向绕组也将产生电磁导向力，保证了列车在任何速度下都能稳定地处于轨道中心行驶。

目前存在的技术问题

尽管磁悬浮列车技术有上述的许多优点，但仍然存在一些不足：

(1)由于磁悬浮系统是以电磁力完成悬浮、导向和驱动功能的，断电后磁悬浮的安全保障措施，尤其是列车停电后的制动问题仍然是要解决的问题。其高速稳定性和可靠性还需很长时间的运行考验。

(2)常导磁悬浮技术的悬浮高度较低，因此对线路的平整度、路基下沉量及道岔结构方面的要求较超导技术更高。

(3)超导磁悬浮技术由于涡流效应悬浮能耗较常导技术更大，冷却系统重，强磁场对人体与环境都有影响

9.       英文摘要: In the world the first standard railway rail road has appeared since 1825, the wheel track train always is the transportation vehicle which the people go on a journey.However, along with the train speed enhancement, the violent impact which between the wheel and the rail produces causes the train intense vibration, sends out the very strong noise, thus makes the passenger to feel not comfortably.Because the train moving velocity is higher, the resistance is bigger.Therefore, when the train moving velocity surpasses each hour 300 kilometers, very was difficult to raise again fast.   If can cause the train to surface the boat from the railway rail, eliminated between the train wheel and the railway rail friction, can enhance the train large scale the speed.How but causes the train to surface the boat from the railway rail? The scientist has thought of two solutions: One kind is the gas floats the law, even if the train massive jet uses its reaction to the railway rail ground to do the best you can the train to float off; Another kind is magnetism floats the law, namely uses between two magnetic poles of the same name between the magnetic repulsions or two different famous magnetic poles the magnetic attraction causes the train to surface the boat from the railway rail.Uses the gas not only on the land to float the law to be able to encourage the massive dust, moreover can have the very big noise, can cause the very big pollution to the environment, thus uses not suitably.This causes the magnetism aerosol train becomes the research and the experiment the main method.   Now, in the world magnetism aerosol train mainly has two kinds “aerosol” the form, one kind is the repulsion type; Another kind is the suction type.The repulsion type uses the repelling force which two magnet like polarity relative produce, causes the train aerosol.This kind of magnetism aerosol train compartment both sides, the installment has the magnetic field formidable superconductivity electro-magnet.When the vehicles move, this kind of electro-magnet magnetic field cutting track both sides installment aluminum link, cause in which produces the induced current, simultaneously has a like polarity counter magnetic field, and causes the vehicles to push airborne to the top of rail in aerosol.When, static, because has not cut the electric potential and the electric current, the vehicles cannot produce aerosol, only can look like the airplane equally to support the chassis with the wheel.When the vehicles go forward in under the straight line electrical machinery actuation, when the speed amounts to above for 80 kilometers/hours, vehicles aerosol.The suction type is uses two magnet opposite sex mutual attraction the principle, puts in the electro-magnet underneath the track and fixes on the chassis bogie, between both produces a formidable magnetic field, when and attracts mutually, the train can aerosol.Regardless of this kind of suction type magnetism aerosol train is static or the state of motion, all can maintain the stable suspended state.This time, our country develops voluntarily the low speed magnetism aerosol train belongs to this type.   “Is neither friendly nor aloof”, is magnetism aerosol train basic active status.The magnetism aerosol train counterbalances the earth gravity using the electromagnetic force, thus causes the train aerosol on the track.In the movement process, the chassis and the track are at one kind “is neither friendly nor aloof” the condition, the magnetism aerosol gap approximately 1 centimeter, thus has “the zero altitude flight vehicle” fine reputation.It compares with the ordinary wheel track train, has the low noise, the low energy consumption, does not have the pollution, safe comfortable and the high speed highly effective characteristic, was considered is one kind has the broad prospect new transportation vehicle.Specially this kind of low speed magnetism aerosol train, because has the radius of turn slightly, climbing power strong and so on the merits, suits the city track transportation specially.   Germany and Japan were in the world most early develop the country which the magnetism aerosol train studied, magnetism aerosol train Transrapid which Germany developed in 1989 in the Ames blue experiment line reach higher authorities to each hour 436 kilometer speeds.Japan develops magnetism aerosol train MAGLEV (Magnetically Levitated Trains) on-line created each hour 550 kilometer world highest record in December, 1997 in Shanli County's experiment.Germany and Japan after passes through for a long time the repeatedly proof, thought had the possibility in the next century middle before caused the magnetism aerosol train to put into service in our country.   Magnetism aerosol train movement principle   The magnetism aerosol train is the modern high tech development product.Its principle is counterbalances the earth gravity using the electromagnetic force, carries on the hauling through the straight line electrical machinery, causes the train aerosol to move (aerosol gap approximately 1 centimeter) on the track.Its research and the manufacture involves the automatic control, the electric power electronic technology, the straight line Journal of Propulsion Technology, the machine design manufacture, the breakdown monitor and the diagnosis and so on the multitudinous disciplines, the technology is extremely complex, is a national science and technology strength and the industry level important symbol.It compares with the ordinary wheel track train, has the low noise, does not have the pollution, safe comfortable and the high speed highly effective characteristic, has “the zero altitude flight vehicle” the fine reputation, is one kind has the broad prospect new transportation vehicle, suits the city track transportation specially.The magnetism aerosol train different divides into the repulsion generally according to the aerosol way and the suction two kinds, also has high speed and division of the low speed according to the running rate, this University of National Defense and Science develops the development the magnetism aerosol train to belong to the low speed often to lead the suction magnetism aerosol train.   Magnetism aerosol train type   The magnetism aerosol train divides into Chang Daoxing and the superconductivity two big kinds.Chang Daoxing also called Chang Daoci attracts, floats train transrapid take Germany high speed Chang Daoci as representative, it is the use ordinary cocurrent electromagnetism ferroelectricity magnetic attraction principle hangs the train, the aerosol air gap is small, is generally about 10 millimeters.Chang Daoxing the high speed magnetism aerosol train speed may amount to each hour 400~500 kilometers, suits in the interurban long distance fast transportation.But the superconductivity magnetism aerosol train also called superconductivity magnetism reprimands, take Japanese MAGLEV as representative.It is the strong magnetic field which produces using the superconductivity magnet, the train moves when affects mutually with the arrangement in the ground coil, produces the electrically operated repulsion to hang the train, the aerosol air gap is big, is generally about 100 millimeters, the speed may amount to above each hour 500 kilometers.These two kind of magnetism aerosol train has the good and bad points and the different economical technical specification respectively, Germany favors the former, the centralized energy development often leads the high speed magnetism aerosol technology; But Japan favors the latter, invests in with all one's strength the high speed superconductivity magnetism aerosol technology.   Germany often leads the magnetism aerosol train      When Chang Daoci the aerosol train works, first adjusts lower part the vehicles aerosol and guides the electro-magnet the electromagnetism suction, has the magnet reaction with the ground track both sides winding to float off the train.Lower part the vehicles guidance electro-magnet and under the orbital magnet reaction, causes the wheel and the track maintains certain lateral distance, the realization wheel track at the horizontal direction and the vertical direction non-contact support and the non-contact guidance.Between the vehicles and the driving track aerosol gap is 10 millimeters, is can guarantee through a set of high accuracy electron regulating system.Because in addition aerosol and the guidance in fact has nothing to do with with the train running rate, even if therefore the train still might enter the suspended state under the parking condition.   Chang Daoci aerosol train actuation utilization synchronization straight line electric motor principle.Lower part the vehicles supports the magnet winding the role likely is the synchronized straight line electric motor exciting coil, the ground track inside three-phase motion magnetic field actuation winding plays the armature function, it on likely synchronized straight line electric motor long stator winding.May know from the electric motor principle of work that, treats as when has the electricity for the stator armature coil, as a result of the electromagnetic induction impels the electrical machinery the rotor rotation.Similarly, when the transformer substation which along the route arranges when provides the three-phase frequency modulation amplitude modulation electric power to the orbital inside actuation winding, because the electromagnetic induction function load bearing system together with the train on likely the electrical machinery “the rotor” equally is impelled together to do the translation.Thus under the suspended state, the train may realize the non-contact hauling and the brake completely.   Japan's superconductivity magnetism aerosol train      The superconductivity magnetism aerosol train most main characteristic is its superconductivity part the complete electrical conductivity and the complete diamagnetism which has under the quite low temperature.The superconductivity magnet is the superconductivity coil constitution which is made by the superconductivity material, not only it the electric current resistance is a zero, moreover may conduct the formidable electric current which the plain conductor is unable to compare radically, this characteristic enables its to make the volume low power formidable electro-magnet.   On the superconductivity magnetism aerosol train vehicles is loaded with the vehicle to carry the superconductivity magnet and to constitute the induction power integration equipment, but the train actuation winding and the aerosol guidance winding install in the ground guide rail both sides, on the vehicles induction power integration equipment by the power integration winding, the induction power integration superconductivity magnet and the aerosol guidance superconductivity magnet three parts are composed.When provides to the orbital both sides actuation winding with the vehicles speed frequency consistent three-phase AC, can produce a motion electromagnetic field, thus produces the magnetic wave on the train guide rail, by now on the train vehicle carried the superconductivity magnet to be able to receive one with to move the magnetic field phase synchronism the thrust force, was precisely this thrust force impetus train advance.Its principle is likely same on the surfing, the surfrider is stands in the wave crest and impels him by the wave to go forward fast.The difficult problem faces which with the surfrider is same, how does the superconductivity magnetism aerosol train have to process also is can control accurately in the motion electromagnetic wave crest movement question.Therefore, the installment has the survey vehicles position precision instrument on the ground guide rail, transmits the information adjustment three-phase AC according to the sounding set for to flow the way, controls the electromagnetism profile to enable the train precisely to move good.   The superconductivity magnetism aerosol train also is by the transformer substation which distributes along the route to the ground guide rail both sides actuation winding provides the three-phase AC, and has the electric induction with the train following power integration winding to actuate, to realize the non-contact hauling and the brake.But the ground guide rail both sides aerosol guidance winding has nothing to do with with exterior power power source, when train close this winding, train superconductivity magnet strong electromagnetic induction function automatically in ground winding induced current, therefore has had the electromagnetic force between its induced current and the superconductivity magnet, thus hangs the train, and after between the precision sensor examination track and the train gap, makes it to maintain 100 millimeters aerosol gaps throughout.At the same time, will assume the electrical connection with the aerosol winding the guidance winding also to have the electromagnetism controlling force, had guaranteed the train could all be in the orbit center travel stably under any speed.   At present exists technical question   Although magnetism aerosol train technology has the above many merits, but still had some insufficiencies:   (1) because the magnetic suspension system is completes aerosol, the guidance and the actuation function by the electromagnetic force, after the power failure magnetism aerosol safety control, after the train power cut brake question still was in particular a question which must solve.Its high speed stability and the reliability also must the very long time movement test.   (2) Chang Daoci the aerosol technology hover height is low, therefore to the line smoothness, the roadbed submersion quantity and the rail switch structure aspect request compares the superconductivity technology to be higher.   Because (3) superconductivity magnetism aerosol technology the turbulent flow effect aerosol energy consumption often leads the technology to be bigger, the cooling system is heavy, the strong magnetic field is all influential to the human body and the environment

10.   关键词:磁悬浮技术. 列车

11.   研究解决的问题:磁悬浮列车的工作原理, 磁悬浮列车的起始时间,中国的第一部列车

12.   研究问题的假设:对于磁悬浮列车我们并非十分了解，也不了解它对于交通运输的意义，通过这次研究，使我们对它有所了解。

13.   研究采用的基本方法:王网. 查找相关的资料

14.   研究的基本方法:xx月xx日       阶梯教室           课题的确定

                  xx月xx日       阶梯教室           了解了研究方向

                  xx月xx日       阶梯教室           初步完成了资料搜索

15.   研究获得的结论:了解了磁悬浮列车的基本原理和运作方法;

16.   研究的结果分析:对于磁悬浮列车的研究已经快一年了,在这一年的研究中我们对磁悬浮列车的基本构造及其运作方式也有了了解,但我们本来打算制作的模型没有完成,这也是一个遗憾.

17.   课题小组的建议或倡导:在当今科技发展迅速的时代,我们作为祖国的下一代更应该关心国家的发展为祖国做贡献.因此我们要从小就要作好准备.虽然我们现在不能发明什么东西,但作好准却是必要的.因此我们要多多了解当今科技的发展.

18.   研究及完成报告中,每一课题组成员完成的具体工作:

陈挺:统筹工作 询问指导老师

江健力:收集相关资料

谢青龙:收集相关资料

赵江:对收集的资料进行删减和整理

王强:打字,写开题报告和结题报告

19.每一课题组成员的心得体会:

王强: 我们经过多次的努力终于把结题报告弄好了,虽然我们做的还不是很好,但这也是我们通过努力得来的结果.原来以为这个很不好做,但是我们通过努力把它做出来了,由此我 感到,不是我们没有能力,而是我们没有努力过,没有全心全意地付出.只要肯做有心人,相信天下一定无难事.信 研究过 程中的第一个收获.

 陈泓：   研究活动是一个团体的活动,是需要我们共同去 完成的,不仅使我明白了团队合作的作用也使我学会了怎样进行团队活动,使我受益非浅.

江健力：经过这一次研究，使我们开拓了视野，了解以前所不了解的民间风俗

文化，也为我们创造了相互交流学习的机会。

谢青龙：这一次研究性学习，使我们学会了合作，学会了取长补短，虽然研究不是很完善，但这一收获也很值得的。

赵江：通过这次研究性学习。我们对磁悬浮列车有了深切的了解，我们解析了磁悬浮列车的基本构造，认识了它的基本功能，使我收益匪浅。

20.每一课题组成员对同组另一成员的评价:这次研究学习中，江健力同学积极为大家准备资料及完成后续工作，积极参加组内讨论，认真完成分配任务

                                               陈挺

这个课题，我们每个组员都积极参加，相互合作。陈挺同学是我们的组长，工作相对繁多，但她每个细节都注意到，起到不错的带头作用。

                                               赵讲

赵讲同学在此次研究中，认真拟定调查问卷，考虑全面，积极参加讨论并发表意见。

                                               .陈泓.

陈泓同学在这次研究学习中，工作积极，努力完成分配任务，积极配合其他组员。

                                              谢青龙

      谢青龙同学在本次研究性学习中态度积极,认真,尽自己最大能力完成份内工作.他充分发扬了团结合作,互相帮助的精神,以求真务实的工作态度对待本次学习.值得我们每个人学习.

                                                  陈泓        

 王强同学在本次研究性学习中查找资料较积极,在本组讨论中也较积极,总之功劳不少.

                                                陈挺

21.指导教师意见及评价: 该小组充分利用课余时间完成研究性学习，分工明确，团队精神可嘉，取题积极向上，既锻炼动手能力，又丰富了精神世界。

22.附件:                             

调查问卷

1．  你了解磁悬浮列车的工作原理吗？

A了解            B不了解            C 大概

2你了解磁悬浮列车的构造吗？

A了解            B不了解            C大概

3你了解磁悬浮技术的应用吗？

A了解            B不了解            C大概

4你知道我国磁悬浮技术的发展吗？

A了解            B不了解            C大概

5你了解磁悬浮技术的应用空间吗？

A了解            B不了解            C大概

数  据

研究成果：通过这次研究性学习。我们对磁悬浮列车有了深切的了解，我们解析了磁悬浮列车的基本构造，认识了它的基本功能，讨论了它在我国的应用价值以及前程。虽然磁悬浮列车具有时速快，噪音小等诸多优点，但由于技术要求高，建造需巨额资金，目前尚未普及。但我们相信，随着科技的不断发展，磁悬浮列车必将成为我们日常生活中的一部分。